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Periodontal Disease

In Brief

Periodontal disease, medically known as periodontitis, is a chronic disease affecting the gums and the supporting structures of the teeth. It most commonly develops as a result of untreated gingivitis and can gradually lead to bone loss, loose teeth and, in advanced cases, tooth loss.

What Is Periodontal Disease?

Periodontal disease (periodontitis) is a chronic inflammatory disease affecting the tissues that support the teeth in the jaw. It most commonly develops as a result of long-term untreated gingivitis, an inflammation of the gums caused by accumulated dental plaque and inadequate oral hygiene. The disease usually develops gradually, often from around the age of 30.

Periodontitis can cause bad breath, bleeding gums, periodontal pockets, gum recession, bone loss around the teeth, loose teeth and tooth movement. In more advanced stages, abscesses, pus around the teeth and significant amounts of tartar both above and below the gum line may also occur.

If left untreated, the disease can eventually lead to tooth loss, which may occur as early as middle age.

Gum Problems

Gum disease can often develop unnoticed in its early stages. The first symptoms typically include redness and swelling of the gums, bleeding when brushing and gum sensitivity. Over time, periodontal pockets may develop – spaces between the teeth and gums where bacteria and dental plaque accumulate.

In advanced stages, the gums may recede, pus may develop around the teeth and the teeth may gradually become loose. A significant proportion of tooth loss in adulthood is not caused by tooth decay, but by gum disease, most commonly periodontitis.

Diagnosis and Treatment

Modern diagnostic methods allow a dentist or dental hygienist to detect early gum disease and determine an appropriate treatment approach. Properly selected treatment can significantly slow or stop the progression of the disease.

If periodontitis is diagnosed, the dentist or dental hygienist will usually recommend an individual treatment and prevention plan, including professional tooth cleaning, tartar removal and thorough home oral care.

How Can Periodontitis Be Prevented?

The risk of developing periodontitis can be significantly reduced through proper daily oral care. The foundations of prevention are:

  • regular tooth brushing with a good-quality toothbrush

  • daily cleaning of interdental spaces using interdental brushes or dental floss

  • regular visits to the dentist and dental hygienist

  • timely removal of dental plaque and tartar

Gum disease, including periodontitis, is not an inevitable part of ageing. With proper oral hygiene and regular professional care, it is possible to maintain healthy teeth and gums throughout life.

Frequently Asked Questions

How can I recognise periodontitis?

Typical symptoms include bleeding gums when brushing, bad breath, receding gums, tooth sensitivity or loose teeth.

Can periodontitis be cured?

Periodontitis cannot be completely cured, but with appropriate treatment and regular care, its progression can be stopped and the teeth can be kept functional in the long term.

What is the main cause of periodontal disease?

The main cause is dental plaque and bacteria that remain on the teeth for a prolonged period and trigger inflammation of the gums.

How can periodontitis be prevented?

The foundation of prevention is thorough daily oral hygiene, cleaning between the teeth and regular visits to a dental hygienist.

When it is said...